The Power of Dance Essay Example for Free

The Power of Dance EssayThe video The Power of Dance was a look at which explored various forms of dance around the world and how each one related to its respective culture. The video utilize a multitude of different styles of dance in different geographical locations to pinpoint how dance is a universal language, and the body is used to convey a variety of ideas and emotions. The primary theme behind the take up was that dance is a global phenomenon. Dance crosses race, color, culture, social, economic, and class lines. Dance is found in a undivided host of situations, including, but certainly not limited to, religion, theatre, social settings, and demand. Dance is used to tell stories, render emotion, and as a form of religious ceremony, expressing praise, gratitude, sorrow, and offered as a gift. It is in this sense that dance is a form of communication without boundaries. Life itself is a form dance. Jacques DAmbrose, of the New York City Ballet theatre, likens the hea rtbeat to a dance. The heartbeat, he says in the first rhythm of dance, with its primary tempo a basic upbeat.It is this upbeat that sustains us all. Child dancer Ryan McCormick makes this point especially clear. As part of a New York childrens dance troupe, he applauds the merits of dance as being a tool to integrate children of different racial and economic backgrounds, by teaching teamwork and cooperation. Dancing is some of the childrens only way to express themselves and release daily stressors, a redress part of dance, according to dancer and choreographer Gregg Burns. America is a melting pot, using dance from all oer the world, including Russia, where the origins of ballet can be found.Russian dancer Bolshoi sees dance as an expression of aristocratic behavior, exuding unforced strength and grace. Ballet, in this light, is ? unearthly (the) art of the air. Irek Makhamedov describes dance, ballet in particular, as an international language in which the physical and emotion al are inseparable. Other cultures explored in the video include the dances of India, including one in which a exclusive woman portrays both a man and a woman in a jockey story of both earthly and spiritual proportions the dance itself being a metaphor for the love surrounded by man and God.Northern India has its own form of dance, Bhangra, a dance originated by farmers and performed by men. According to Vijay Neekay, this is a celebration dance. A final form of dance surveyed in the film was dancing in film and video. This form of dance is amazing in that it combines all forms of dance and movement through the magic of editing to create a single form of exciting and, sometimes, physically impossible dance. It draws together, and in a single moment, separates all different forms of dance in a beautiful art for life to imitate.

Communication In Nursing

chat In breast feedingTo take heed to another person is the close to smell for act of all. Listening and attending are by far the most primary(prenominal) aspects of creation a nurse (Burnard 1992). One of the basic elements of nursing is good communicating skills with patients. Being otiose to reach well with a patient immediately keister destroy the nurse/patient race and whence the patient may not trustfulness the nurse (Anon 2007). The purpose of this quiz is to discuss the brilliance of chat in nursing. Without intercourse nurses would be unable to provide the correct forethought, scarcely improving communication is a action-long develop affable process (Ewles and Simnett 2005). I will draw upon my personal experience from the clinical area to give how well the scheme relates to the working side of nursing and use the process recording sheet for structure and guidance (Appendix i).In accordance with The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) Code of Condu ct, nurses mustiness respect peoples by rights to confidentia illumey. so for the purpose of this essay I prevail used a pseudonym and the patient discussed is referred to as carol Brown and any personal or distinctive information has as well as been altered so as to protect her privacy and dignity which are also enshrined in the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) Code of Conduct. I asked warble for explicit permission to use our social relationship in my communications essay and discuss her of my obligations on my professional conduct to which I am bound by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008), regarding professional, chaste and safe practice. chirrup was in agreement to be involved with my assignment and on no tarradiddle was her physical precaution at risk during this fundamental fundamental interaction.I was nearing the end of my placement in a common medical ward within a gargantuan general hospital. The ward treat a manakin of medical complaints including diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, stroke and alcohol liver disease. A young 36 year senior female was admitted to the ward, now slamn as Carol Brown with an change magnitude weight loss collectable to non-intentional self-neglect probably caused by her chronic condition although could be deep rooted to family relationships (Day and Leahy-Warren 2008). Carol was awaiting heart surgery, second-stringer hips and replacement knees at major surgical hospital in another area of the country. Her health emplacement was poor as she suffered from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and had a congenital heart defect. Carol was in accept of distressingness management, and although it was currently beingness managed with a variety of powerful painkillers, these proved to feed little relief. Carol spend the majority of time in bed repayable to her severe pain, and due to this she cried out a lot. I thought that communication would be troublesome with Carol as she was mostly in pa in but I also believed that she would like well-nighone to public lecture to but that person would need to be a good listener. It is all weighty(p) to remember that nurses have the duty to provide care holistically, for the whole person, not only when for their physical of necessity but their mental and social needs too (Kenworthy et al. 2002).Carol liked to be washed in her bed all morning as movement for her was difficult. The bay that she was in was quick with little privacy and only the curtains for seclusion. I went into assist her to wash one morning and because of her psoriasis she needed especial(a) creams applied routinely. She spoke lightly to the highest degree her distemper and explained her difficulties to me. Her head was bowed and she had difficulty in making pump contact. She talked slowly and quietly and more or lesstimes mumbled, she also appeared quite melancholy at times. Talking intimately her family, her illness and when she was younger made her sa d and she was crying. I think this was cathartic for Carol and it could be that feelings downstairs the surface may need uncovered in more detail to enable her to release her emotions (Bulman and Schutz 2008). I felt that Carols ability to overstep was linked to how she felt closely(predicate) herself. She was inclined to judge herself too disadvantageously and underestimated her abilities. This self-blame reflected her ability to communicate (Ewles and Simnett 2005). She was in so oft(prenominal)(prenominal) pain, her head was bowed and she could not make tenderness contact. I was careen in close to her bedside, touch was not good, her clay was too sore. I move to show empathy towards Carol by giving her time to talk, being patient and comprehend to her. This was an example of Egans (2007) Soler theory which is a non-verbal listening method that is used commonly in communication. Was she crying because she was in so much pain or was it because she was re art happy mem ories from before she fell ill? I was keen in create the therapeutic relationship. According to Arnold and Undermann-Boggs (2003), empathy is the ability to be sensitive to and communicate deduceing of the patients feelings. Being sympathize with is equal to being empathetic in a way that it is important to recognise that Carols feelings belong to her and not to me.I was interested in Carols illness, to learn more about her condition and hear about her difficulties. Getting to hit the sack your patient succors to promote dignified care (Nicholson et al. 2010). She was actually independent and cute to do as much as she could by herself. Help was minimal and she only asked when she was struggling to re-position her feet. I used active listening to bear to her speak without interrupting. Active listening is not only the act of hearing but of being able to interpretate any underlying meaning (Arnold and Undermann-Boggs (2003). I paid close attention to her seventh cranial nerv e expressions and body terminology and Argyle (1988 p.57) suggests facial expressions provide a running commentary on emotional states. I asked Carol open questions about her illness as I thought this would allow me to encourage her to talk and she responded to this well. Open ended questions are used to elicit the clients thoughts and perspectives without influencing the direction of an acceptable solution (Arnold and Undermann-Boggs 2003 p.241). It also allowed Carol to draw in her experiences, feelings and under protestings and I felt this fire was appropriate.I wanted to try and distract her from her pain as I found it difficult to jaw her being so unhappy, so I commented on some magazines that were lying on her table and asked her about her taste in euphony. This was a good subject, her looks lit up and she smiled. We finally made eye contact. Carol and myself were exchanging verbal and non-verbal communication in order to witness each others feelings. According to Kozi er (2008) non-verbal communication dejection include the use of silence, facial expressions, touch and body posture. Carol was keen to talk about her taste in music and became very chatty, in fact, she became somewhat excited. I put some cds on for her to listen to and as I did this she asked me questions about my taste in music. there was now no barriers to our communication as we both shared the same taste in music. When the music was playing Carol was in a different world, she was more relaxed. Research has shown that the pain and tension of illnesses such as arthritis can be eased with music therapy (Murcott 2006). I took her chip in and held it gently, her eyes were closed, she was smiling and she appeared more content. By holding her hand, I felt as though I was valueing and reassuring her. trace is a form of non-verbal communication and can be a powerful way of communicating (le may 2004). This was an indication that I really did care and that I wanted to help her. de velopment touch skilfully and thoughtfully can convey that you are able to be with your patient (Benner 2001 p.57). intercourse can be therapeutic and the music playing was not a barrier in communications, it was in fact beneficial. melody has the power to tap into our emotions and alleviate tension (Mallon 2000). Therefore, it is argued that effective communication is more than delivering high quality patient-centred care but it also allows patients to feel involved in their care, which can make a significant rest to their outlook on their preaching (Collins 2009).Reflecting back I realised that I was really quite hard-pressed about the communication difficulties I was facing during my interaction. Carol was a very obstinate person who knew scarcely what she needed and yet she urgently wanted to be as independent as possible. I wanted her to allow me in and for her to be comfortable with me. I am glad I eventually gained her trust and we both became more relaxed. Trust is an important element in the nurse/patient relationship and can in fact affect the patient care in practice (Bell and Duffy 2009). In fact, the impact that this interaction had on our relationship was that as the days went on we became very good friends and she was very special to me. infect and Dallas (2005), suggests that to have an empathetic conceiveing of our patients needs we must recognise their need for comfort and we respond to this compassionately. It was important to be non-judgemental, I accepted Carol for who she was no matter what her circumstances were and my important concern was to care for her in a professional and beneficial way and in a way that she preferred. The Royal College of Nursing (2003) suggests that the personal qualities of a nurse should include compassion, respect and a non-judgemental approach. Putting the interaction into perspective, I to begin with found Carol very demanding, always calling out and constantly pressing the call buzzer. round sta ff were very reluctant to go to her because her personal care was very time overpowering. It was time consuming but it was because she was in a lot of pain. certainly this was a barrier to communication as some staff did not take the time to listen to what Carol required and as health promoters, we need to develop skills of effective listening so that we can help people to talk and express their needs and feelings (Ewles and Simnett 2005). Rogers (2004) used the term unconditional positive regard, this meaning that people can be too judgemental and it is important to disregard how much of a burden somebody thinks a patient with complex needs cleverness be and treat everyone equally.From recording and analysing my interactions I have versed to accept people for who they are as each of us have had different experiences throughout life and these experiences make us who we are. It was also important to acknowledge Carols point of view, her emotions and thoughts without judgement as b eing aware of these helped to appreciate her perspective and needs (Silverman et al. 2005). I have also learned to be a good listener and an active listener. Ewles and Simnett (2005) suggest that this room taking note of the non-verbal communication as well as the spoken words. It is important to maintain eye contact, observe the body language, listen in good order and pick up on non-verbal signs as well as verbal signs. The environment is important too, on with being sensitive, honest and compassionate (Anon 2007). Collins (2007) argues that judgemental attitudes can stand in the way of getting to know your patient and that labels attached to individuals such as demented can act as a language barrier. Effective nursing requires us to be assertive, responsible and to help our patients achieve the best possible health status (Balzer Riley 2008).In conclusion, the key points that have been discussed in this essay are that of the importance of communicating in nursing and how nurses can improve their communication skills and maintain their effectiveness. We must provide holistic care for our patients and the stopping point is to listen to the whole person and provide them with empathetic understanding. another(prenominal) key point is that we must be non judgemental no matter what the patients circumstances are. Overall communication during this interaction was positive, therapeutic and helped to build a relationship. This essay has shown how personal experience from the clinical area relates the theory to the practical side of nursing and how it is imperative that communication is clear, understandable, appropriate and effective.2059 wordsReferencesANON., 2007. Communication skills (essence of care benchmark). Nursing Times.http//www.nursingtimes.net/whats-new-in-nursing/communication-skills-essence-of-care-benchmark/361127.article (Accessed on 21.07.10).ARNOLD, E., and UNDERMANN-BOGGS, K., 2003. Interpersonal relationships professional communication skills f or nurses. 4th ed. throwouri Saunders.BELL, E., and DUFFY, A., 2009. A concept analysis of nurse-patient trust. British journal of Nursing. 18(1), pp. 46-51.BENNER, P., 2001. From novice to expert excellence and power in clinical nursing practice. New Jersey prentice Hall.BLAZER-RILEY, J., 2008. Communication in nursing. 6th ed. missouri Elsevier.BULMAN, C., and SCHUTZ, S., 2008. Reflective practice in nursing. 4th ed. Sussex Blackwell.BURNARD, P., 1992. Counselling a guide to practice in nursing. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann.COLLINS, S., 2009. Good communication helps to build a therapeutic relationship. Nursing Times. 105(24), pp.11-12.DAY, M.R., LEAHY-WARREN, P., (2008). Self-neglect 1 recognising features and risk factors. Nursing Times. 104(24), pp.26-27.EGAN, G., 2007. The skilled helper a problem management and opportunity development approach to helping. 8th ed. CaliforniaThomson.EWLES, L., and SIMNETT, I., 2005. Promoting health a practical guide. 5th ed. Edinburgh Baill iere Tindall.KENWORTHY, N., et al., 2002. Common foundation studies in nursing. tertiary ed. Edinburgh Churchill Livingstone.KOZIER, B., et al., 2008. Fundamentals of nursing concepts, process and practice. Essex Pearson Education.LE MAY, A., 2004. Building rapport through non-verbal communication. Nursing and Residental Care. 6(10), pp. 488-491.MALLON, M., 2000. Healing Sounds. The Scotsman. twelfth May, p.9.MURCOTT, T., 2006. Music Therapy. The Times. 18th February, p. 17.NICHOLSON, C. et al., 2010. Everybody matters 1 how getting to know your patients helps to promote dignified care. Nursing Times. 106(20), pp. 12-14.NURSING AND obstetrics COUNCIL, 2008. The NMC code of professional conduct standards for conduct, performance and ethics. London NMC.ROGERS, C., 2004. On becoming a person a therapists view of psychotherapy. London Constable.ROYAL COLLEGE OF NURSING, 2003. Defining nursing. RCN. http//www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/78569/001998.pdf (Accessed on 29.07.10) .SILVERMAN, J., et al., 2005. Skills for communicating with patients. 2nd ed. Oxon Radcliffe publishing.SULLY, P., and DALLAS, J., 2005. Essential communication skills for nursing. Edinburgh Elsevier.Communication in nursingCommunication in nursingTo listen to another person is the most caring act of all. Listening and attending are by far the most important aspect of being a nurse (Burnard 1992). One of the basics of good nursing is good communication skills with patients. Being unable to communicate well with a patient immediately can destroy the nurse/patient relationship and therefore the patient may not trust the nurse (Anon 2007). The purpose of this essay is the realise the importance of communication in nursing. Without communication nurses would be unable to provide the correct care, but improving communication is a life-long developmental process (Ewles and Simnett 2005). I will draw on my personal experience from the clinical area to show how well the theory relates to th e practical side of nursing and use the process recording sheet for structure and guidance.In accordance with The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) Code of Conduct, nurses must respect peoples right to confidentiality. Therefore for the purpose of this essay the patient discussed is referred to as Miss C., and any personal or identifiable information has also been altered so as to protect her privacy and dignity which are also enshrined in the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) Code of Conduct.. I asked Miss C. for explicit permission to use our interpersonal relationship in my communications essay and advised her of my obligations on my professional conduct to which I am bound by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008), regarding professional, moral and safe practice. Miss C., was in agreement to be involved with my assignment and on no account was her physical care at risk during this interaction.I was nearing the end of my placement in a general medical ward within a large general hospital. The ward had a variety of medical complaints including diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, stroke and alcohol liver disease. A young 21 year old female was admitted to the ward, now known as Miss C., with an increased weight loss and she was in need of pain management. Miss C., was awaiting heart surgery, replacement hips and replacement knees at major surgical hospital in another area of the country. Her health status was poor as she suffered from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and had a congenital heart defect. Miss Cs., pain was managed with oramorph, ketamine and fentanyl patches, but these proved to have little relief. Miss C., spent the majority of time in bed due to her severe pain, and due to this she cried out a lot. Her head was bowed and she had difficulty in making eye contact. She talked slowly and quietly and sometimes mumbled, she was also a very sad person. I thought that communication would be difficult with Miss C., as she was mostly in pain b ut I also believed that she would like someone to talk to but that person would need to be a good listener. It is important to remember that nurses have the duty to provide care holistically, for the whole person, not just for their physical needs but their mental and social needs too (Kenworthy et al. 2002).Miss C., liked to be washed in her bed every morning as movement for her was difficult. The bay that she was in was busy with little privacy only the curtains for seclusion. I went into wash her one morning and because of her psoriasis she needed special creams applied religiously. She spoke quietly about her illness and explained her difficulties to me. Talking about her family, her illness and when she was younger made her sad and she was crying. I felt that Miss Cs ability to communicate was linked to how she felt about herself. She was over-critical about herself and underestimated her abilities. This lack of self-confidence reflected her ability to communicate (Ewles and Si mnett 2005). She was in so much pain, her head was bowed and she could not make eye contact. I was leaning in close to her bedside, touch was not good, her body was too sore. I tried to show empathy towards Miss C., by giving her time to talk, being patient and listening to her. Was she crying because she was in so much pain or was it because she was recalling happy memories from before she fell ill? I was desperately trying to understand how she may be feeling. According to Arnold and Boggs (2003), empathy is the ability to be sensitive to and communicate understanding of the patients feelings. Being compassionate is similar to being empathetic in a way that it is important to recognise that Miss Cs feelings belong to her and not to me.I was interested in Miss Cs illness, to learn more about her condition and hear about her difficulties. She was very independent and wanted to do as much as she could by herself. Help was minimal and she only asked when she was struggling to re-posit ion her feet. I used active listening to allow to her speak without interrupting but I paid close attention to her facial expressions and body language. Argyle (see Kenworthy et al. 2002) suggests facial expressions provide a running commentary on emotional states. I asked Miss C. open questions about her illness as I thought this would allow me to encourage her to talk. It also allowed Miss C to describe her experiences, feelings and understandings. Open ended questions are used to elicit the client s thoughts and perspectives without influencing the direction of an acceptable response (Arnold and Boggs 2003 p.241).I wanted to try and take her mind off her pain as it was upsetting to see her being so unhappy, so I commented on some magazines that were lying on her table and asked her about her taste in music. This was a good subject, her eyes lit up and she smiled. We finally made eye contact. Using the semiotic school of thought, Miss C and myself were exchanging verbal and non-ve rbal communication in order to understand each others feelings. According to Kozier (2008) non-verbal communication can include the use of silence, facial expressions, touch and body posture. Miss C was keen to talk about her taste in music and became very chatty, in fact, she became ramify of excited. I put some cds on for her to listen to and as I did this she asked me questions about my taste in music. There was now no barriers to our communication as we both shared the same taste in music. When the music was playing Miss C was in a different world, she was more relaxed. I took her hand and held it gently, her eyes were closed, she was smiling and she appeared more content. By holding her hand, I felt as though I was comforting and reassuring her. This was an indication that I really did care and that I wanted to help her. Using touch skilfully and thoughtfully can convey that you are able to be with your patient (Benner 2001 p.57). Communication can be therapeutic and the music playing was not a barrier in communications, it was in fact beneficial. Therefore, it is argued that effective communication is more than delivering high quality patient-centred care but it also allows patients to feel involved in their care, which can make a significant difference to their outlook on their treatment (Collins 2009).Reflecting back I realised that I was really quite worried about the communication difficulties I was facing during my interaction. Miss C., was a very strong willed person who knew exactly what she needed and yet she desperately wanted to be as independent as possible. I wanted her to allow me in and for her to be comfortable with me. I am glad I eventually gained her trust and we both became more relaxed. In fact, the impact that this interaction had on our relationship was that as the days went on we became very good friends and she was very special to me. Sully and Dallas (2005), suggests that to have an empathetic understanding of our patients needs we must recognise their need for comfort and we respond to this compassionately. It was important to be non-judgemental, I accepted Miss C., for who she was no matter what her circumstances were and my main concern was to care for her in a professional and beneficial way and in a manner that she preferred. Putting the interaction into perspective, I originally found Miss C very demanding, always calling out and constantly pressing the call buzzer. Some staff were very reluctant to go to her because her personal care was very time consuming. It was time consuming but it was because she was in a lot of pain. Surely this was a barrier to communication as some staff did not take the time to listen to what Miss C required and as health promoters, we need to develop skills of effective listening so that we can help people to talk and express their needs and feelings (Ewles and Simnett 2005).From recording and analysing my interactions I have learned to accept people for who they are as e ach of us have had different experiences throughout life and these experiences make us who we are. It was also important to acknowledge Miss Cs point of view, her emotions and thoughts without judgement as being aware of these helped to appreciate her perspective and needs (Silverman et al. 2005). I have also learned to be a good listener and an active listener. Ewles and Simnett (2005) suggest that this means taking note of the non-verbal communication as well as the spoken words. It is important to maintain eye contact, observe the body language, listen properly and pick up on non-verbal signs as well as verbal signs. The environment is important too, along with being sensitive, honest and compassionate (Anon 2007). Collins (2007) argues that judgemental attitudes can stand in the way of getting to know your patient and that labels attached to individuals such as demented can act as a language barrier. Effective nursing requires us to be assertive, responsible and to help our pati ents achieve the best possible health status (Balzer Riley 2008).In conclusion, the key points that have been discussed in this essay are that of the importance of communicating in nursing and how nurses can improve their communication skills and maintain their effectiveness. We must provide holistic care for our patients and the goal is to listen to the whole person and provide them with empathetic understanding. Another key point is that we must be non judgemental no matter what the patients circumstances are. Overall communication during this interaction was positive, therapeutic and helped to build a relationship. This essay has shown how personal experience from the clinical area relates the theory to the practical side of nursing and how it is imperative that communication is clear, understandable, appropriate and effective.1819 words

Role And Importance Of Operations Management

Role And Importance Of operations ManagementOperations Management is precise classical for managing vauntingly firms and maneuverning them successfully. Operation trouble is principally link to turnout of goods and functions in an organisation. The main dissolve of the operations caution is to run the occupation operations successfully, smoothly and efficaciously by using the b separateline preferences and meeting node expectations. Thus we potful say that operations management is the process of converting minimum insert like lovesome materials, labour to produce supreme output like products, goods and services. Operations Management is very crucial factor in order to increase unions addition. Operations management is not but obligated for producing goods but also take contain of distribution of services. Operation management is just not related to organizations it fuck be seen in our daily activities of life also. The following quotation explains how operat ions management is put together in our daily lifeOperations management is just about the way organizations produce goods and services. every(prenominal)thing you wear, eat, sit on, use, sound out or knock about on the sports field comes to you courtesy of the operations managers who organized its production. Every leger you borrow from the library, either treatment you receive at the hospital, every service you expect in the shops and every lecture you attend at university all brook been produced. (Slack et al, 1995)Some examples of operation management can be likeA carpenter who uses a objet dart of wood , cuts and planes it, and then polishes it to produce a piece of furnitureWhen u want to book a holiday a tourist operator engenders and bear information to you and helps by giving advices on places to visit and stay.ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONS MANGEMENT IN AN faceOperations management plays a very crucial role in organisations as they produce sea captain managers which atomic number 18 capable of achieving organisations strategic goals in a defined period of judgment of conviction. Operations management is the bosom of any organization as it comprises the whole operation system of the organization. Operations management handles issues like design, operation, and keep and improvement of the systems utilize to produce familiaritys vital products and services. Operations management has clear management responsibilities like in commercializeing and finance. Operations management is very pick upful in an organisation to manage the activities. With the help of Operations management an organisation is able to make good use of their alternatives like world labour and inputs atomic number 18 used as required. Operations management helps an organization to reach its main goal of making profit and maximising its sh beholders through its activities. Cost of production is reduced to en legitimate that tangible and intangible assets are not over stretched or wasted in an organisation. Organisations make good use of its product and services management through Operations management. Product management includes a wide range of activities starting from the point when a new-made idea for the product is developed to eventually provide client acquit to those who have purchased the product. Every organisation conducts product management no matter it is done intentionally or unintentionally.An some other distinguished aspect of Operations management is flavor management. Every organisation is very much concerned about the products which are manufactured or developed for the customers in the market. Quality management is very cardinal to have efficient operations management, mainly if it is for continuous improvement in order to go with the consumers taste and preferences. late benchmarking and bore management, outsourcing and reengineering has taken operations management to an advanced level to produce high prize. Adop tion of reengineering and benchmarking by the organisation helps them to be a leader in their category of products in the market. Benchmarking is considered as the best sexual auditing process which the company uses to identify its weaknesses and then converting them into strength in order to increase its customers in the market. iodin cannot think of Operations management in an organisation without Management simplicity and Coordinating function. Management make and coordination includes different types of activities to make sure that the companys goals are constantly being met in an effective and efficient way. Organizations mainly make use of organizational coordination and control in order to adopt a systematic break inment to figure out if it is actually doing what it wanted to be doing or not. Some of the major approaches to the companys organizational control and coordination include product evaluation, product distribution, advertising and promotion, gross sales and se rvice and product development. Organizations use advertisements as a virtually important instrument to reach the customer and reorient the awareness of customers about its products. In this truehearted expanding and competitive marketplace, the company make certain that its products and services are significantly in the minds of their customers and clients. This takes place as a result of ongoing advertising and promotion by the organization. Facilities management is also a necessary function and is of great importance in operations management. Effective operations management in the companys activities passing depends on a great deal of effective management of facilities, much(prenominal) as grammatical constructions, computer systems, signage, fervour and plants and machinery. In a situation of high demand which could call for higher or mass production, facilities necessarily to be managed in producing large quantities of products which moldiness be standardized to meet the market demand at specific period. Well managed facilities like plants and machinery in the company help in production upper berth, spurn per social unit woo, ease of manufacture and control and the efficiency in the companys production processTask 19.1.bThe strategic objectives of Toyota areProfitQuality and InnovationImage and studySocial issuesSatisfying customersMarket power choiceSWOT ANALYSIS OF TOYOTAA SWOT analysis is a simple but widely used tool that helps in understanding the strengths , weakness , opportunities and threats involved in a project or business activity. It starts by defining the objective of the project or business activity and identifies the internal and external factors that are important in order to contact the objective. Internal factors can be divided into strengths and weakness and opportunities and threats can be identified as external .STRENGTHSToyota is the existences largest automobile maker by sales.Toyota also lets and operates Lexus and S cion brands and has a majority shareholding stake in Daihatsu and Hino motors.Toyota also provides monetary services through its Toyota Financial Services and also builds robots.Toyota move Corporation (including Toyota Financial Services) and Toyota Industries form the bulk of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world.OPPURTUNITIESShould increase their shareholdings in Fuji serious industries, Isuzu Motors , Yamaha motors, and Mitsubishi Aircraft CorporationWEAKNESSOn May 8, 2009, Toyota reported a record annual net liberation of US$4.2 billion, making it the latest automobile maker to be severely affected by the 2007-2010 financial crisisManufacturers need to make sure that it is their models that consumers want versus competitors.Sales has been affected by the financial crisisFailure of Toyota production system based on the up-to-the-minute recalls.Company needs to cautiously keep producing cars in order to retain its operational efficiency, specially in the case of the Prius, which the case study states that it needs reprogramming of its Abs system.THREATSIn January 2010, Toyota announced it was recalling up to 1.8 million cars across Europe, including about 220,000 in the UK, following problems with defective accelerator pedalsMany Toyota models were involved, back the 2007-2010 model eld. Toyota subsequently recalled the Prius model for reprogramming of its ABS system.The U.S. Sales Chief, James Lentz, was top doged by the United States Congress committees on caution and Investigations on February 23, 2010, as a result of recent recallsOn 6 April 2010, The US government want a record penalty of US$16.375 million from Toyota for its delayed response in notifying the National pathway Traffic Safety Administration regarding the defective accelerator pedalsThe company said the recalls could cost the company up to US$2 billion (GB1.25 billion) in lost output and salesTASK 19.1.CA company main aim should be to satisfy its cus tomers requirements for fast and dependable services at reasonable price, as well as helping its own suppliers to improve services they offer. There are five sanctioned bring aboutance objectives and they apply to all types of operationQualitySpeedDependabilityFlexibilityCost (Slack, N. et al, 2001).These operations performance objectives are analysed here in accordance to Toyota.Toyotas record has been successful all around the world as it has been chosen by different market research and analysis for the car of the year for many another(prenominal) years. Toyotas success went on exploitation because of the high quality which thereby leads to the largest maker of the automobiles based on the sales throughout the world. Toyota have also produced cars which are of founder qualities which are suspended and do not come out unlikeable smoke. For example more(prenominal) than 40 emission- managing systems and equipments which has enhanced passenger car protections. (Ahmed, A., 2003 ,).Another main task is speed which signifies to reduce the season between the instruction and accessibility of the product and services which thereby leads to the speed benefits for the customers.Toyota performance is focused on tasks by using small and simple machines which reduce complications which are conciliatory and vigorous. By rescheduling the plans and the bombard to improve simplicity and the swiftness of manufacturing. In the late 1980s, it is reflected in the statistics that the productiveness per employee compared to the US and European plants is as much as two or three times higher than them.The thirdly presentation aim is dependability which means completing the tasks in time for the customers so that they receive their mathematical product and services on the date and time as been promised. The Just -in-Time (JIT) production system allows the engineers to relinquish products of highest quality through their Kanban control system. Toyota needs to improve its e fficiency and quality as it is important for managers, technicians and employees and b doing this customers pass on feel more reliable about the products of the Toyota.A clear result of responding to a dynamic surround is that organisation change their products and services and changes the way they do business. This performance objective is cognize as flexibility.(Peters, T., 1998) argues that we must learn to love change and develop flexible and responsive organizations to cope with the dynamic business environment.In the Toyota plant it means the ability to adopt its manufacturing visions so that it can launch new models. The coursework analyses that, Toyota was able to achieve high level of flexibility, producing relatively small batches of different models with little or no loss of productivity or quality. Toyota during the years has provided a range of options that customers are able to choose.One major operations objective, especially where companies compete with prices is cost. Low price is a universal attractive objective to customers, which can be achieved by producing goods at lower costs. In order to do things cheaply, Toyota seek to influence the cost of goods and services, so for the coming(prenominal) Toyota has planned to shift their production of multipurpose vehicles and pick-up trucks on different countries around the world (e.g. Argentina, South Africa). Also, internally, cost performance is helped by good performance in the other performance objectives that Toyota has managed to produce high quality vehicles at a reasonable prices.By using and improving quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and cost operations performance, TMC has seen a global growth and high percentage of customer mirth. Because of the success of these operation performance objectives Japanese path (Toyotism) of manufacturing and product developments has come to be studied and emulated around the world . TMC is world leader in publish grasp management, and to keep its production at the high quality, maximum speed, on time delivery, flexibility and at the lowest cost TMC works with its suppliers to make sure that they are also the best suppliers in the industry. switch its operation in different countries searching for cheap inputs (row material and labour) makes it easier to produce products at a lower cost and good quality. Operating continentally also gives dependability advantage to its customers by making it easy to deliver its production in the market place. Using these operation performance objectives TMC has managed to keep its customers happy and compete successfully with others companies in global market.Task 19.2.aToyota uses sparse manufacturing system to produce continuous goods and services. Tools like just in time, cellular manufacturing, total productive maintenance, single minute exchange of dies. Lean manufacturing system came into Japan afterward World War II when they were run out of material, financial and human r esources. This system is also known as Toyota Production System which is now recognized all over the world. The basic ideas behind lean manufacturing system are waste elimination, cost reduction, and employee empowerment.Employee empowerment of Toyota can be seen through the fact that the company employs approximately 320,000 people worldwide. The lean manufacturing system aims to work in every aspect of the value stream by eliminating waste in order to reduce cost, generate capital and bring in more sales and stay on in competitive in a growing global market which can be seen through the fact that Toyota is the largest automobile maker by sales.Task 19.2.bAs defined by the Praxiom Research Group, an audit is an evidence gathering process. The main purpose of the Quality Audit is to establish maximum evidence in order to find out whether or not the company is in control of its processes and documents. This kind of evidence is collected through observations, interviews, and re pasti mes for documentation. Full training is provided to auditors so they can exactly find out if corporate quality management systems are in compliance with preset standards. Toyotas recall problems show up that there has been a general quality defect because of poor decision making and supply chain management. In my view Toyota should have third part audit which is done by an external because I think as company has some malfunction in their production system so it is better if a professional agency do their audit so next time there should be no flaws in the models which are going to be developed and it can be assured that the raw materials and products which are manufactured are safe.Task 19.2.cQuality enculturation generally means inclusion of quality in the overall system of an organization which fashions a positive internal environment and provides guarantee customer satisfaction. A good decision making at all levels of management is very necessary for maintaining such quality c ulture in the organization which can be affected by self actualisation at the top level or by trainings and workshops or following of benchmark organizations.Toyotas quality culture is to produce best products in the very first attempt. Innovation also forms a very important part of quality culture in Toyota and meet challenges with courage and creativity for the continuous improvement. Customer satisfaction is also a very important aspect of quality culture in Toyota. Another important aspect of the quality culture is keeping track of consumer complaints and analysing them for quick fix. In my view Toyota should not compromise with quality of their product and give growth more importance over quality. In a run to make more products they are not giving 100% in the manufacturing of their products. In order to achieve their growth targets and to become the worlds largest automotive manufacturer Toyota lost sight of the key values that gave company the reputation in the first place.T ask 19.3.aToyota Motors Corporation all throughout its history from Kaizen to Toyota Production System to encourage Kaizen has strived not only to maintain its current market position, but to improve it as well. The engineers should make sure that they make best products in the very first attempt. The organisation should not make haste in manufacturing the products just in order to increase the growth.Task 19.3.bIn Toyota Motors Corporations 2008 Annual report, the company said that As the automobile industry faces a turning point in its history, Toyota aims to achieve sustainable growth by building a more flexible and stronger corporate structure to meet the challenges ahead (p. 1). The real question remains. That is, what specific strategies shall Toyota adopts in order to build a more flexible and stronger corporate structure when time and business environment dictate that its Kaizen, Further Kaizen, and Toyota Production System are no longer large for the current and future demands of the marketplace?Blue sea StrategyIn the preface of their book, Blue Ocean Strategy, W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne, succinctly wrote that there are no permanently excellent companies, just as there are no permanently excellent industries (2005, p. x). Hence, no matter how successful Toyota Motors Corporation is over its 70 years existence does not guarantee the same success in the next 70 years. The authors, therefore, proposed a new management theory glum oceanicic system. The Blue Ocean Strategy is, according to Kim and Mauborgne,Blue ocean strategy challenges companies to break out of the red ocean of bloody controversy by creating uncontested market space that makes the competition irrelevant. Instead of dividing up existing-and often shrinking-demand and benchmarking competitors, dirty ocean strategy is about growing demand and breaking away from the competition (2008, p. x)The most startling conclusion of the game ocean strategy is well depicted by the auth ors conclusion on Cirque du Soleils circumstances the circus company succeeded because it complete that to win in the future, companies must stop competing with each other (Kim Mauborgne 2005, p. 4). In Toyotas history it is clear that its management has not arrived at the same conclusion. This can be ascertained from the Chairmans, Fujio Cho, message in Toyota Motors Corporations 2008 Annual cross Toyota aims to achieve sustained, long-term growth by providing high-quality vehicles to people everywhere, and by contributing to the realization of a heavy(a) and nurturing society (2008, p. 6). What is not aligned with the down(p) ocean strategy in this phrase is that every other automobile company Ford, GM, Honda, etc. are also saying the same thing or the likes of it. distinctly this strategy is not going to work in the long run at all if Toyota wants to remain as one of the top ten in Fortune Global 500.In contrast, the blue ocean strategy goes out of just mere providing high -quality vehicles which are what everyone else is providing. As shown in the figure below blue oceans have the most impact on profit though least impact on revenue compared to red oceans.Figure 1 Blue Oceans vs. Red OceansSource Kim Mauborgne 2005, p. 7The changing environments as presented by Toyota in its presentation for its financial results for 2008 and as discussed in the earlier part of this paper, and as outlined by the Blue Ocean Strategy presents several driving forces behind a rising imperative to create blue oceans (Kim Mauborgne 2005, p. 8). These driving forces, unfortunately, will not disappear, hence Toyota must act now and create its own undisputed market in the automobile industry. To fully realize the benefits of the blue ocean strategy a strategy canvas must be created. The canvas is the central diagnostic and action framework for building a compelling blue ocean strategy (Blue Ocean Strategy 2008).Total customer follow through is now the new differentiator ( Mas vexationnhas, Kesavan Bernacchi 2006, p. 397) which is exactly the point in the blue ocean strategy. Toyota Motors Corporation, in its current and future business environment, must deliver total customer experience. However, there is a need for care in interpreting each customers total experience Obviously, by definition, TCE is customer-dependent and hence, is different for each customer. Compared with service outlets such as restaurants, hotels or banks, there is potential for great diversity in customer experience, because the customer may seek a wide variety of different services or products. Each order of this consumption-journey involves an experience that the provider must try to optimize and the customer must capitalize (Mascarenhas, Kesavan Bernacchi 2006, p. 415). The key therefore is to attain an accurate understanding.Task 19.3.cMore than ever, the human resource strategies, objective, systems and processes of the organization must be integrated and synchronised with the overall Toyota Motors Corporations strategies, objective, systems and processes and the rest of the organization. Human resource as one of the key success factors in implementing the blue ocean strategy must be able to support and not detract the company from it. Hence, the military force selection, training and development, and performance assessment processes should be seamlessly integrated into the whole organizational structure ad systems to chink that all these systems are working towards the same goal creating uncontested market space and making the competition irrelevant.Mondy Noe defined recruitment as the process of attracting unmarrieds on a timely basis, in sufficient numbers, and with suppress qualifications, and encouraging them to apply for jobs with an organization (2005, p. 199). The objective of the selection process for any type of organization is selecting the best individual fit for a particular position and the organization (Mondy Noe, 2005, p. 162). Hence, for TMC the goal of the organizations selection process should be selecting the best individual suited for the vacant position and have the necessary capability to help the company in its quest in making the competition irrelevant.On the other hand, the performance appraisal system is a dinner gown system of review and evaluation of individual or team task performance (Mondy Noe, 2005, p. 252) to picture who should be promoted, demoted, transferred, or terminated (Anthony, Kacmar Perrewe, 2002, p. 354). Several of the factors that affect the effectiveness of an appraisal system are job-related criteria, performance expectations, standardization, clever appraisers, continuous open communication, performance reviews, and due process (Mondy Noe, 2005, pp. 270-272). Managing employee performance is one of the more difficult and difficult activities within an organization. Unlike the other resources of a business, the human resource is not very easy to control people think and act accordingly.Anthony, Kacmar Perrewe wrote that an effective performance appraisal system are not only tools for evaluating the work of employees but also for developing and motivating employees (2002, p. 351). These benefits are central to why the performance appraisal system was developed in organizations employees need to be motivated and developed in order to perform their jobs effectively and efficiently. Furthermore, the appraisal system of a company can also be used to determine who needs formal training and development opportunities (Anthony, Kacmar Perrewe, 2002, p. 354). In the end, all of these will result to a better equipped human resource. Hence, for Toyota Motors Corporation its performance appraisal system must be redesigned to fit the blue ocean strategy of the company. As a vital component in motivating its employees, the human resource performance appraisal system of TMC should not operate in a vacuum, rather it must support the goal of developing o rganizational competencies to make the competition irrelevant.What had Toyota Motors Corporation done for its worldwide human resource management is admirable it developed HRM employments to sustain the Toyota Production System (Winfield 1994, p. 41). However, today it is no longer enough. It is time that Toyota models its human resource management practices to sustain the blue ocean strategy. The researcher believes that TPS is a component of blue ocean strategy hence it should not be the end goal in designing the companys human resource management system and its other systems. The four goals as promoted by the companys existing human resource management practices are employee commitment, workforce flexibility and adaptability, quality (Winfield 1994, p. 50) in the blue ocean strategy emplacement are only several of the factors needed in creating an uncontestable market as opposed to the current practice (these four goals are the main goals).Task 19.3.dAs competition become more and more intense, companies such as Toyota Motors Corporation which are leaders in their industries can not afford to become complacent. preferably they must again pioneer developments in their fields. These companies have to integrate all their resources, use these resources efficiently and effectively to attain organizational goals.As the workforce becomes varied and as competition within industries becomes more intense, the need to effectively and efficiently manage human resources to gain, develop and sustain competitive advantages is becoming more important. In integrating the blue ocean strategy to its overall strategy, Toyota Motors Corporation must not forget that the most important factor in order for such strategy to succeed is its human resource.

Modeling CALL programs in EFL Flipped Classrooms

Modeling surround programs in EFL Flipped ClassroomsModeling appoint programs in EFL Flipped Classroomsto Enhance Achievement and expression Learning AttitudeAbstract computing machine softw are program has been widely social function for teaching English words in flipped schoolrooms. The present carry supplied a practical example of integrating Computer- assist run-in Learning ( turn to) programs in English courses to flip the teaching fulfil. The pattern of CALL integration addressed in this study has allowed much to a greater extent flexibility in delivering study to diverse root words of English learners or at best, to implement individualized instruction. Examples of modeling CALL programs in teaching listening, pronunciation, reading, writing, and vocabulary were implemented in this study. Sixty bookmans (30 underwrite congregation and 30 data-based group) studying at King Marriott higher(prenominal) Institute for reckoner participated in this study. The engage group studied through and through and through the habitue non-flipped screenroom while the data-based group studied through implementing CALL programs to flip the schoolroom. Following the quasi(prenominal) experimental pre-post design the study was conducted during the archetypal semester of the academic year 2016-2017. The results of the study showed that CALL programs in flipped schoolrooms study improved the students run-in learning attitude and averaged examination scores to a statistically signifi lavt extent. chance on words CALL, flipped varianceroom, attitude, individualized instruction1. BackgroundIntroduction to CALLWhat is CALL?The acronym CALL represents a name that stands for Computer-Assisted Language Learning. It refers to manipulating estimators in spoken words teaching and learning. Traditionally, it is used as a means of teaching and assessing special(a) language items. Following the traditional CALL process, the learners are first introduced a rule and different examples, then, they employment varied exercises to test their knowledge of the rule and finally, the computer gives appropriate feedback and awards marks in records to be later checked by the instructor.Levy and Hubbard (2005) define CALL as the field that is concerned with how the computer mediates surrounded by the language learner and language learning objectives (figure 1).Figure 1. Levy and Hubbards 2005 conceptualization of CALLLevy (1997, p. 1) defines Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL) as the search for and the study of computer applications in language teaching and learning. Beatty (2003, p. 7) gives a vast definition of what may go on in computer-assisted language learning (CALL), Beatty gives a definition of CALL that accommodates its changing nature that is any process in which a learner uses a computer and, as a result, improves his or her language. Furthermore, CALL includes issues of material, design, technologies, pedagogical theories and of instruction modes. CALL materials include those which are mainly make for language learning and those which adapt the existing computer-based materials, e.g. video and other materials (Beatty, 2003, pp. 7-8).The History of CALLFor more than terzetto decades, computers take aim been used in language teaching. Three main stages represent the history of CALL behaviouristic CALL, Communicative CALL and Integrative CALL (Warschauer Healey, 1998). Each stage corresponds to a certain pedagogical approach. behaviorist CALLInfluenced by audio-lingual teaching method, Behaviouristic CALL was emerged in the late 1960s and used widely in the 1970s. This stage was characterized by using repetitive language drills, known as drill-and practice. The computer represented a mechanical tutor that never allowed students to work individually, which in turn inhibited motivation. It besides implied using extensive drills, grammatical explanations and translation (Warschauer Healey, 1998).Communic ative CALLThe Communicative CALL initiated in the eighties after rejecting the behavioristic approach to language teaching theoretically and pedagogically. At this time, personal computers were paving the room for students to work individually at schools. Corresponded to cognitive theories, Communicative CALL considered learning as a process of discovery, expression and development. Advocates of Communicative CALL debated that computer based activities should focus more on using confabulation forms. Furthermore, software including simulations and text reconstruction program was widely used and developed in this breaker point. Therefore, Communicative CALL focused on what the students did with each other while working at the computer rather than what they did with the computer.interactive CALLInteractive CALL replaced communicative CALL which began to be criticized by the 1990s. Thus, instructors used more societal and learner-centered methods in a rejoinder to new second langu age acquisition theories and socio-cognitive trends. Language learning in authentic social contexts was emphasized at this time. Content-based project-based and task-based approaches were applied to integrate learners in authentic environments, and to integrate and use various skills of language learning. In such integrative approaches, learners try to use a variety of technical tools and progress a continuing process of language learning instead visiting the computer lab once a week for conducting separated exercises.Types of CALL ProgramsDavies, Hewer, Rendall, and Walker, (2004) divide CALL programs into Specific CALL software They are specific language learning programs intentional to develop, facilitate the language learning process, standardized language learning CDs, language learning websites and quizzes. Generic software They are general computer software designed for general purposes, like word-processors, presentation software, and spreadsheet, that potentiometer be u sed in language learning. Web-based language programs They are online language learning programs like concordancers, online dictionaries, online encyclopedias, news/magazine sites, etc. Computer-mediated parley (CMC) programs for online oral and written communication like email programs, online asynchronous and synchronous chat, discussion forum, etc.Warschauer (1996) divides CALL programs and applications into two main categories computer as tutor programs and computer as tool programs. Computer as a tutor refers to CALL programs designed for teaching grammar, listening, pronunciation, reading, text reconstruction, vocabulary and writing. Computer as a tool refers to the most super C use of a computer as a tool, and probably the usual use of computer programs for language learning, as word processing programs, grammar checkers, concordancers and collaborative writing.Advantages of computer in language teaching and learningprecept and learning technologies become one of the most e ffective areas in the educational system, especially in language learning (Reinders and Thomas, 2012). Today the number of teachers and students using computers and the Internet to teach/learn a second language has increased due to the technology advances (Han, 2008). In order to analyze the advantage of using computer in language learning, Li-Yun Lu and Tang (1996) divide the advantages into three types the inherent nature of the computer The returns of the teacher the benefit of the learner. The inherent nature of the computerThe computer can handle a much wider set forth of activities, and much more powerfully, than other technological aids. It offers a two-way learning session with the student. The computer can assess the students response. It can also display mes sagaciouss, take the student through subsequent attempts at a question, and even take the student to a different section of package, depending on the nature of the response. The benefit of the teacherThe computer pre sents several(prenominal) aspects of particular promise. Prominent among these is its versatility in handling different kinds of material. For example, the simplest is the one-way presentation of teaching, in the form of text, graphics, audio and video. Also, the computer can handle question-and- issue routines, simulated dialogues, hypothesis testing, and many other types of exercises. The benefit of the learnerThe computer also offers many advantages for the learner. Access is one of the benefits. The computer offers the student the choice of when to study particular topics and how long to spend on them. The flexibility makes many educational courses accessible to students who would otherwise rich person no chance to take them. It is not a dream to make the distance teaching. Many computers can be linked by telephone on special landlines. Alternatively, teachers can send tapes or discs of their materials through the post. Whatever the factors of time and distance, the computer r etains its potential for personalized instruction. There is no low attention period as the student waits for his or her turn to come round in class. On the contrary, each student has the computers full attention and can work at the speed best suited to the individual.Flipped ClassroomsWhat is a flipped classroom?The flipped classroom is a recent model of pedagogy in which the unfluctuating lecture and assignment elements of a course are reversed. In other words, activities that have traditionally taken place inside the classroom now take place outside the classroom and vice versa. For instance, instead of having lectures during sessions at university, students gather the information largely outside of sessions, by reading, watching videos and listening to podcasts or other audio format (Centre for schoolman Development and Quality, 2016). Tucker (2012) adds there is more than one model for flipping the classroom, the core idea is to flip the regular instructional approach with the help of teacher-created videos and interactive lessons, instruction that used to take place in class is now accessed at home, in advance of class. The classroom becomes a place to deal with problems, advance concepts, and to lock away in collaborative and active learning.In contrast to the lecture format, in flipped classrooms the role of the proofreader changes from cosmos a presenter of content to a learning coach. Bergmann, Overmyer and Willie (2011) state that the lecturer is no longer the sage on the stage but the guide on the side. Students become active learners instead of relying on the lecturer as the disseminator of knowledge.Advantages of the flipped classroomsFlipped classrooms have may learning advantages related to sustainable learning, engagement and interaction. Bergmann, Overmeyer and Willie (2011) include several advantages for the Flipped classroom1- lifelong learning learners depend on CALL programs to learn the content before culmination to classrooms. Such method of acquiring knowledge, is a lifelong learning skill.2- Material engagement in classroom learners complete different active learning exercises that reflect the applications, implications and controversies associated with the material. This engagement highlights the importance of the material in the learners terrestrial lives and helps them relate to the topics.3- interaction between learners and faculty class periods are specified to interactions among the learners. This strategy shifts the focus of learners from the front line of the classroom. The flipped classroom moves the faculty teacher from the stage to one-on-one interacting with the students.2. Method2.1. Participants and locationThe study was conducted at the King, Marriott Higher Institute for Computer Science, Alexandria, Egypt during the first semester of the academic year 2016-2017. 60 students (30 control group and 30 experimental group) participated in the study.2.3. TreatmentTwo units from CommercialTechni cal English Terminology Textbook were used in this study (Unit 1 Introduction into Business English and Unit 2 Recruitment). The control group studied the two units through the regular non-flipped classroom. The experimental group studied the units through implementing CALL programs to flip the classroom. The researchers introduced the proposed CALL programs and how to use them during the anterior session.2.4. Instruments2.4.1. Achievement TestThe researchers conducted an action test to assess the participants performance. The test is composed of three parts the first evaluates communication skills, the second assesses vocabulary acquisition and the third is reading comprehension. (appendix I).2.4.2. Attitude SurveyTo assess the participants attitudes toward the flipping classrooms in English language learning, the researchers conducted an attitude survey (appendix II). The researchers followed Lickerts 5 range scale in conducting the survey.3. Results3.1. Achievement speculation OneThere is a statistically significant disparity between the mean scores of the experimental group students and that of the control group in the post application the achievement test in kick upstairs of the experimental group students.To verify the validity of the previous hypothesis independent samples t-test was used. Table (1) shows the significance of difference between the mean scores of the control and the experimental group students in post-testing.Table 1meaning of difference between the mean scores of the experimental and the control group students in post- testing groupingMeanStd. DeviationLevenes TestdftSig.Control13.41.79FSig.585.35.001Experimental15.71.57.31.57The data presented in table (1) reveals that Levenes Test F (Equality of Variances) equals 0.31 which is significant at 0.57, t value is (5.35) and significant at 0.001, and df equals 58 which means that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the control and experimental grou p in post-testing.3.2. AttitudesHypothesis two Participants have arrogant attitudes toward flipped classrooms in English language learning.Results of attitude survey are presented in the pursuance table.Table 2Students attitudes toward flipping the classrooms in English language learningStatementpowerfully jibe oppose undecidedDisagreeStrongly disagree1. The flipped strategy helped me to study individually according to my pace.No.12 (41.4%)No.13 (44.8%)No.3(10.3%)No.1(3.4%)No.0(0%)2. The flipped strategy attracted me to study more outside the classroom.No.11(36.7%)No.14(46.7%)No.3(10%)No.2(6.7%)No.0(0%)3. The flipped strategy helped me to get more knowledge and information.No.9(30%)No.15(50%)No.5(16.7%)No.1(3.3%)No.0(0%)4. In-class activities enhanced what I studied outside the classroom.No.9(30%)No.16(53.3%)No.5(16.7%)No.0(0%)No.0(0%)5. In-class activities make the teacher available to answer questions.No.18(60%)No.11(36.7%)No.0(0%)No.1(3.3%)No.0(0%)6.Working with colleagues col laboratively in class makes me more active.No.9(30%)No.16(53.3%)No.4(13.3%)No.1(3.3%)No.0(0%)Close inspection of the data presented in the previous table reveals that the participants have positive attitudes toward flipping the classrooms in English language learning.4. DiscussionThe researchers implemented different CALL programs in this study like Natural Reader, Corpus concordancing, online listening Lab and PowerPoint presentations. The selected training units were explained and presented through PowerPoint program and were given to the experimental group students to be studied outside the classroom. Also, the experimental group students were trained during the introductory session on a cocordancing program for enhancing vocabulary acquisition and the natural reader program for developing reading skills. Experimental group students were trained to study the proposed units outside the classroom and to practice different activities in the classroom to enhance what they have studie d. On the other hand the control group students studied with the regular method, i.e. explanation in the classroom and activities outside the classroom.After finishing the treatment (2 units) both the experimental and the control group students sat for an achievement test and the experimental group students completed an attitude survey related to the flipped classrooms. The mean scores of the control and the experimental group were 13.4 and 15.7. The results of the achievement test highlights the effectiveness of flipping the classrooms. Furthermore, the results of the survey proved that experimental group students hold upon flipping the classrooms.ReferencesBeatty, K. (2003). Teaching and researching computer-assisted language learning. New York Longman.Bergmann, J., Overmyer, J., and Willie, B. (2011). The flipped class What it is and What it is not. The Daily Riff. Retrieved from http//www.thedailyriff.com/articles/the-flipped-class-conversation-689.php.Centre for Academic Devel opment and Quality (2016). CADQ buy the farm The flipped classroom. Nottingham Trent University. Retrieved from www.ntu.ac.uk/cadqDavies, G., Hewer, S., Rendall, H., Walker, R. (2004). ICT4LT Module 1.4 Introduction to computer assisted language learning (CALL). http//www. ict4lt.org/en/en_mod1-4.html.Han, W. (2008). Benefits and barriers of computer assisted language learning and teaching. US-China Foreign Language, 6(9), 40-43.Levy, M. (1997) CALL Context and conceptualization. Oxford Oxford University Press.Levy, M. and Hubbard, P. (2005). Why call CALL CALL? Computer Assisted Language Learning. Vol. 18, No. 3.Li-Yun Lu and Tang, F (1996). Computer-Assisted Language Learning. NYU School of Education Department of Teaching and Learning-Multilingual multicultural Studies TESOL.Reinders, H., Thomas, M. (2012). Contemporary computer assisted language learning. Retrieved from http//www.eblib.com.Tucker, B. (2012). The Flipped Classroom. Education Next. Retrieved from www. educati onnext.org.Warschauer M. (1996) Computer Assisted Language Learning an Introduction.In Fotos S. (ed.) multimedia language teaching, Tokyo Logos International 3-20.Warschauer, M., Healey, D. 1998. Computers and language learning an overview. Language teaching forum. 31, Pp.57-71.AppendicesAppendix IAchievement TestI- Complete the following conversation. (7 pts)Operator Hello, Frank and Brothers company, ? buttocks This is bum Robert. Can I have extension 3421?Operator Certainly, . .David Jack Richardsons office, David speaking.John John Robert calling, is. ?David Imsorry hes out at the moment. Can ?John Yes, Could you ask him to . at 9147 6320. Its urgent.David Could you the number please?John Yes, thats 9147 6320, and this is John Robert.David Thank you Mr Robert, Ill make message.John Thanks, bye.David Good bye.II- Insert the following words in the gaps in the text below. (9 pts)Many People flavor for work read the . advertised in newspapers by companies and. . To reply to an adevertisment it is to for a job. You fill the companys., and send it on with your CV and You often have to give the names of two.. . If your qualifications match the , you might be. , i.e. selected to attend an.. .III- Read the following extract, then answer the questions. (4 pts)Business is an organized approach to providing customers with different products and services they need. Also word stemma refers to an organization that provides these products and services. Businesses in general seek to make a profit i.e., they aim to achieve revenues that pass the costs of operating the business. Prominent examples of for-profit businesses include Mitsubishi Group, General Motors Corporation, and Royal Dutch/Shell Group. However, some businesses unless seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs. Commonly called non-profit-makings, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. Examples of not-for-profit businesses include such organizations as social s ervice agencies, foundations, advocacy groups, and many hospitals.Answer the following questions.1- narrow down business and its main aim.2- Show the difference between profit and nonprofit business.3- Mention two examples of nonprofit organizations.4- Propose a suitable title to the extract.Appendix IIAttitude SurveyChoose the response that best reflects your attitude1. The flipped strategy helped me to study individually according to my pace.Strongly agreeAgreeIndecisiveDisagreeStrongly disagree2. The flipped strategy attracted me to study more outside the classroom.Strongly agreeAgreeIndecisiveDisagreeStrongly disagree3. The flipped strategy helped me to get more knowledge and information.Strongly agreeAgreeIndecisiveDisagreeStrongly disagree4. In-class activities enhanced what I studied outside the classroom.Strongly agreeAgreeIndecisiveDisagreeStrongly disagree5. In-class activities make the teacher available to answer questions.Strongly agreeAgreeIndecisiveDisagreeStrongly di sagree6. Working with colleagues collaboratively in class makes me more active.Strongly agreeAgreeIndecisiveDisagreeStrongly disagree This book is compiled and supplemented by one of the researchers (Dr. ayman Elesery).

Four quartets

quaternity quartets quatern Quartets in the Light of Eliots Critical Theory quaternity Quartets is unitary of the most serious and longest meters of T S Eliot. It is very much(prenominal) philosophical in its t one and only(a) and theme. Eliot considered Four Quartets his masterpiece (Johnston 2005), as it draws upon his companionship of mysticism and philosophy of life. It consists of four long poems, Burnt Norton, eastward Coker, The alter Salvages, and Little Gidding, each in five sections or movements. The five sections argon said to be symbolisationic each(prenominal)y representing particular elements care air, earth, water and onrush and they also suggest Christian holy days Ascension Day, near Friday, the Annunciation and Pentecost respectively (Sexton. 279). Although they resist easy characterisation, they collapse mevery things in common each begins with a reflection on the geographical berth of its title, and each meditates on the nature of duration in so me all principal(prenominal)(predicate) respect-theological, historical, physical, and on its relation to the hu opus condition. Talking to the highest degree the government issue come out of the closetlet of the poem, Rees (64) remarks that the essential focus or unifying idea, of the Four Quartets is describing eternal humans which the poet tries to search through mortal time. He says that Eliot has tried to give a good-natured of philosophic cum artistic summary of his various loving notions and beliefs in these quartets. A reflective earliest reading suggests an inexact doctrinal approach among them they approach the same ideas in varying simply imbrication focusings, although they do not necessarily exhaust their questions. Eliot proclaims that the Four Quartets are straightforward, t senile in the simplest nomenclature potential (Bellin 2003). However, Bellin argues whether the poets claim of simplicity i.e. acceptable or not. He quotes a few other connoisseur s who agree on the maneuver that beca drill the force field matter in the Quartets is not an ordinary thing, so the language utilize to describe such(prenominal) ideas mostly avoids simplicity. Dallas (193) gives her opinion, with special reference to Four Quartets, close Eliots consistency with his poetical standards in the practice of his proclaim meter. She writes that T. S. Eliots in his prose and plays or song has maintained an increasingly bob uped netherstanding and usage of the doctrines that an inseparable association is found t hither among homunculus and substance in his work of art. She has specially written slightly the association between Eliots searing ideals and poetic practice. She compares the cloy and structure of different poems especially of the Quartets and rallys an appropriate correlation in them. The form of a poem develops and takes its experimental condition from the order which is implicit in(p) in the material, or substance of the poe m (Dallas, 194).From various angles this long poem of four sections has been commented upon by critics. Many critics have found the Eliots proclaimed peculiaritys of im dispo layion in the poem. The relationship of mater and form of any poem is considered very fundamental to show artistic expertise objectively. Fussel (212) finds a correlation between the content and the form of this long poem. He says that the structure of Four Quartets as compared to its subject matter is both a innate and expected consequence of techniques and concepts one time employ by Eliot and, at the same time, exceptional not scarcely(prenominal) in Eliots consume poetry save also in the blameless English literary tradition. However Fussel is also of the opinion that in the Quartets, what we are offered to view is not what every individual can perceive on his own besides it is rather the eyes of a single genius that shows us what we see. Even then the critic concludes that such is the expertnes s to develop the theme that a commentator rules himself as the part of the give birth. His poetic whole shebang are a kind of externalization of aesthetic and emotional images conflate in concert with explanation and annotation by the interpreting understanding, a combine of personalised contemplation and open public dialogue (Fussel. 213). He nurture says that the structure of Four Quartets is outcome of the poets deliver, which is artistically developed by perspicacity analysis and the fork oution of emotional state.Fussel also talks about Eliots concept of unification of sensibilities but with mixed comments of achieving it. He says In the Quartets, the mateds of intellect and sensibility, thought and feeling, do achieve union, but the gulf is deepened while the bridge is under construction (214). He means to say that in comparison to Eliots early works, the poem Four Quartets shows a delay resolution of the unifying devices, which the poet does on purpose. He says th at Eliot knows the limitations of the modern man to understand the universal realities not so easily, therefore, counterbalance of all, he had to take to direct interpretation of his spectral thoughts and, then, by describing the concept of incarnation, Eliot achieves the union of the opposites in the Quartets. Dallas (6, 7) writes in detail Eliots make use of of opposite images to describe the opposite universal forces at work. She quotes lines from the different sections of the Quartets, which simultaneously hang life and end, c sure-enough(a) and heat, haze and light, dead, and quick and the seed and the end. All this is to depict neutrally the dual cause of the subtle universal laws. The poet, here, requires the intelligence and ingress of the referee to feel and understand the under tincture of the message of the poem.Written between 1935 and 1942, they mark the end of Eliots major poetic achievement. As a poet, Eliot was by no means prolific. So much greater his mer it of creating, in quite a few great poems, an imaginary world which has preoccupied poetry ever since. If he has not got whole shelves of books to boast of, he is, in exchange, an accomplished master of concentration and ambiguity. We have seen him as an innovator, as a difficult poet, a magician of the understatement. The Four Quartets are his stick out feat of magic (Vianu). The effect is mystifying. Soothing is the first attribute that comes to mind in connection with Eliots Four Quartets (Vianu). If anything, then, these soothing Quartets are first and firstly poems of the mind. Emotion mastered, love reconsidered, sensibility dissected by serene thought. The Quartets have many names for their mystical goal of fellowship outside language settle down point, pattern, love, intelligence (Bellin 2003). The skilled use of language plays very important role in bringing aside the desire meaning in a situation especially describing an abstract phenomenon. According to Bellin, Eliot has nicely apply most of the language tools, which has made it possible for him to pronounce his mental feelings cheerily although, the poet has been denying his mastery over the adequate use of words. Bellin further says that such a paradoxical use of language can well be seen in Burnt Norton-the redemptive power of language and the distaste for language linguistic process move, medication moves unaccompanied in time but that which is only living stool only die. Words, after speech, reach Into the silence. Only by the form, the pattern, Can words or music reach The stillness (li. 137-142) Words strain, catch and sometimes break, under the burden, Under the tension, slip, slide, perish, Decay with imprecision, put forward not bear in place, Will not stay still. (li. 149-153) Bellin (2003) quotes Hay who comments, One critic proposes that the poem uses a stream-of-consciousness methodthough whose consciousness is a crucial question (Hay 161) and he swiftly proclaims that in the poetry produced at some subsequent stage, the wisdom and consciousness are clearly Eliots own (Hay 161). In case of the Quartets, the poets consciousness and the quality of the Quartets impersonality come under question. Bellin, then, quotes Thompson who suggests finding out a authoritative formula as to read the Quartets impersonally as desired by the poet. Melaney (151) appreciates Eliots mastery over the use of befitting language in Quartets. With particular reference to the Quartets, he says that Eliot usually enjoys adopting a style of expression that facilitates him to sick forward abstract and theoretical proclamations as crystal clear and original truths. The illustration of the time paradoxes in this poem is so h3 that it constitutes a kind of poetics for the young poets especially regarding the use of the appropriate language. Boaz (32), by quoting Ruth Berges, says that Eliot valued to write poetry so transparent that we should not see the poetry, but t hat which we are meant to see through the poetry. And this is possible only through the use and application of a language that should be most befitting to shoot the poet to the readers not only aurally but visually too.Speaking about the start of the poem, chocolate-brown (2003) says that the imagery of the rose garden takes the readers along with the poet. He says that the world created by the poet runs the imagined world of the readers it is all because, the poetry creates the conditions to fulfill its own inter-personal invitation. This is the relation between the poem and the readers, not between the poet and the readers. The poet has to be an reviewer as before the composition of his poem so he has to rest after its composition. This is what is skillfully done by Eliot in his Quartets.To come backward to the late summer of Burnt Norton, the poem goes on with memories of youth conquer by the lullaby of elderly thoughts. There is a trilling cable in the blood, and this bl ood still sings below inveterate scars. But the old wars are long forgotten, or, in Eliots words appeased. A still point is mentioned. It reminds the reader of the prayer to the silent sister in Ash Wednesday give lessons us to care and not to care Teach us to sit still He reiterates, time and again, all is al counselings now, and it cyphers difficult for him to allow what he wants to stymie i.e. the loud lament of the disconsolate fantasy. They are all there in a poem which, though is determined to forget certain things and events (old ideal of Ash-Wednesday), has not yet performed this task of forgetting things. Obstinate recollections of old troubles and excitements enliven it Quick now, here, now, always Ridiculous the waste sad time Stretching before and after It is not only memories that hurt the poet, but also his struggle with the words, which should express them. In Burnt Norton, serene as the tone may be, peace of mind is wishful thinking, and the poets words say a restless mind stressful its hand at relaxation, but Words strain, Crack and sometimes break, under the burden, Under the tension, slip, slide, perish, Decay with imprecision, will not stay in place, Will not stay still. vitamin E Coker (1940), title of the second quartet, is the name of a Somerset shire village. T.S. Eliot desired that, at the time of his death, his body should be cremated, and the ashes buried at East Coker. Which his second wife dutifully accomplished. This place was visited and inhabited by Eliots ancestors also. That is why we find the start and the main theme of the poem as, In my beginning is my end, reversed later into In my end is my beginning. The specifically literary turn over here is that the simple revelry of the imagined rustic men and women is largely rendered in the words and spelling of a probable ancestor of the poet Sir Thomas Elyot (Brown 2003). In daunsing, signifying matrimonie A dignified and commodious sacrament. (178)This observation sho ws that Eliot has tried to present a bygone time or persons in their own typical surroundings. This masterly skill of Eliot has been a great means of success to achieve the impersonal tone in his poetry throughout these fragmented poems.The main piazza of Burnt Norton is, however, the still point of the turning world. Imaginary or not, who cares? fact is that deep below, at the bottom of the poem, stillness and restlessness coexist. The poet has described here his past, his life philosophy, his achievements, his wishes and disappointments. A dynamic view of life has been mentioned in poetic style. A number of universal contrasting ideas have been put together in fantastic antithetical statements. Vianu, speaking of such opposite facts, says, They unhappily go hand in hand, with Eliot inertly watching Words move, music moves Only in time but that which is only living Can only die. A tendency of detachment and aloofness encompasses certain sections in the Four Quartets in East Coke r where Eliot puts the metaphor of Christ, the wounded surgeon, in The Dry Salvages, where he mocks augury, in Little Gidding where he transforms German dive-bombers into the Pentecostal descent of the sacred Spirit. Bottum (1995) confirms this wave of detachment in the quartets and says that this lack of liaison starts off as a final point in Eliots desire to turn his knowledge and experience into metaphorical symbols. The development of the performance of an artist, Eliot wrote when he was younger, is a perpetual extinction of personality. To him the poet is not experiencing his experiences here he is only standing self-consciously outside experience in order to watch himself experience. In the Four Quartets the self- conscious poet stands outside his temporal experiences in order to find in them a metaphor for the temporal facts he has not experienced. The fundamental experience in The Four Quartets that experience to which all other experiences are order as metaphors-Eliot always describes in the conditional or the subjunctive or the future (Bottum1995).And all shall be well and All manner of things shall be well When the tongues of flame are in-folded Into the crowned knot of sex And the fire and the rose are one.But here the views of Stevens (2004) are slightly different. He says, though, in poems like Prufrock and The Waste Land, Eliot is considerably victorious in applying his system of impersonality, but it is certainly Eliots own voice that we hear in the later poetry such as Four Quartets. Stevens is of the opinion that the poet, in Quartets, has become subjective and speaks personally of his own life experiences. He does not find the element of detachment but rather a h3 presence of the poets personality in the Quartets. Finally, Stevens says that Four Quartets, being a religious affirmation, gives way to certain discursive and expository elements that we do not find in his preliminary poems. Any how according to many other well reputed cr itics, Eliot has, in the Quartets, used the kind of images and symbols that as those in The Waste Land and Prufrock, bring forth the poets inner thoughts in an objective manner. Eliot has shown great skill of using characteristic images to expose very abstract concepts in the Quartets. Rees (65) is of the view that it is the use of images that has helped Eliot unite and yoke together the opposite themes in the quartets. He writes, Dry Salvages provide an excellent illustration of how Eliot presents his two related but contrasted themes in the form of dominant images. He points out to the images of river and sea, which represent the concepts of the temporal mutability and timeless existence respectively.Esty (2003) is of the opinion that Eliots striving after objective style is a successful attempt to bring forth the intend impression of the poem impersonally. He says that the poets effort to make inner voice surrender to outer authorisation paves way for the artistic impersonalit y in his poem. For Esty the poetic techniques of Eliot are a realistic show of his critical canons.Dennis Brown (2003), talking about the psychological effects of the Quartets, experiences, My own feeling is that the most powerful passageways are those which engage the reader in an epiphanic experience which creates a transitional area. He speaks about the readers involvement in feeling the poets thoughts and says that the musical and the therapeutic effects while the description of times work grips of the reader and engages their mind to be one with the poet. Brown calls this Eliots genius. Morris Weitz (1952) opines on the use of several(prenominal) symbols in Eliots poetry. He especially takes the symbol of rose garden and says that Eliot has used the symbol of rose garden at several places in his poetry to depict the temporal experiences, which exhibit the native character of the ultimately real.Foot go think in the memoryDown the passage which we did not takeTowards the do or we never openedInto the rose-garden. My words echoThus, in your mindWeitz is of the opinion that though the critics have defined the symbol of rose garden with different connotations, the essential meaning has the double violation rose garden as an actual place and the symbolical use of the poets worldly experiences and their possible relation with the Absolute. .the rose garden symbolizes those moments that show, much than any others, the meeting of the Eternal and the temporal (Weitz1952)These Quartets are termed as a death and life effort with the words and their meanings. The poetry in them does not expect to matter, at first sight. It does matter a lot, at the deeper level of the poets modal value and spirit of innovation (Vianu). here it is stated that Eliot is not giving gustation to how to say out the things but he is more concerned with what to say. It is really extracting out the emotion from the poets mind in its entirety in the shape of words. In doing so, tho ugh, the poet tries his best to put forward everything in the best possible way, the occasional lack of befitting words must not jam the true expression of the ideas especially in an impersonal way.That was a way of putting it not very satisfactory A periphrastic show in a worn-out poetical fashion, Leaving one still with the intolerable wrestle With words and meanings. The poetry does not matter. The irony falls back on the reader who sees nothing but poetry in the poem (Craven 2004). In the above quoted lines of the poem, Eliot seems to be talking modestly of his own genius. His critics are of the view that the Quartets do not exhibit only the sublimity of his poetic thoughts but his technical aspect is also at its heights in the Quartets. Craven further says that the readers are compelled to work through the traditional open frame of disbelief while going through this poem. This again tells us Eliots skill of involving the readers to feel, understand and interpret his poetry i n an objective way. However, according to Roger Bellin (2003), Karl Shapiro and George Orwell hold contrary views. Bellin reports that Shapiro accuses the Quartets of the complete abandonment of poetry (247), and Orwell insists similarly Perhaps what we want is prayer, observance, etc., but you do not make a line of poetry by stringing those words together. Bellin also quotes Thompsons opinion saying that a certain reading of the Quartets utters the poem personalizing the poet as a protagonist in order, in reading, to participate in his struggle (Thompson 83).Talking about the use of adequate images in Four Quartets, Vianu refers to Ash Wednesday and says Ash-Wednesday is not far behind. We feel we are drifting together with the poem on the waves of a odd sea. Our life, like anybodys, is a drifting boat with a slow leakage. Here the learned critic understands the feelings of the poet who is trying to convey his thoughts. He speaks of horrors in a blank voice. We do hear about wa ilings, withering, wreckage, unprayable prayers, failing powers, wastage, primitive terrors, and choppy fury One thing, however, is changed, and this change makes all the difference. Eliot is no longer trying to terrify. He shuns away his anger and revolt. He tries to look resigned (Vianu). Sexton (280) has pointed out Eliots making of Cross in the Quartets. the four quartets respectively concern the way up, the way back, the way forward and the way down as talk of by Eliot in Dry Salvages III. We first see these four directions in Burnt Norton II. With these directions or movements in mind Sexton finds the traces of the making of Christian Cross in the poem. This shows a subtle way of portraying religious images in an objective way upholding the poetic concept of impersonality.Eliot, the literary critic, repeatedly put aside from him the flights of abstruse reasoning. Of course, literary critics will go on dissecting the philosophy of the Quartets. Eliots wish was that poetry shou ld be felt before it was understood. This is one of the reasons why these quartets should be handled carefully. We must learn to protect the fleeting feelings they alright outline. Philosophy may have had a part in these poems, but only as a discipline of mind. The main thing is that these Quartets reveal something unique in Eliots poetry a warm directness. This evidence of affixation to man and life in Eliots creation can hardly be stressed enough. Reading these lines, we realize why Eliot hated those critics who called him learned and cold. The more the poet writes about indifference, peace of mind, detachment and so on, the more attached he feels to everything. His former ties to the world were grumbling. He kept feeling hurt and howled out. This new-fangled attachment is spiteless it is generous and warm. The warmth of a poet who hides in his poetry, a intent for all seasons. In his own wordsmusic heard so deeply That it is not heard at all, but you are the music While the m usic lasts. Danby (79,80), evaluating the over all impact and feeling of the Quartets, says that here the poet makes the reader move along with him for the full satisfaction of the three dimensional experience while reading the poem. He means to say that Eliots poetry is so encompassing that it leaves nothing go unfelt. In spite of several difficulties, the poet is successful in turning a whole generation of readers to experience the feelings. Danby further says They (Quartets) are themselves both poems and criticism of poetry (80). Danby is stating here the alike accord between Eliots criticism and his poetry. They also practice what they preach(p.80). Towards the end of his article, Danby speaks about Eliots mastery of imagery. He says that the poet is quite capable of finding and using such comprehensive images that exhibit the complexities of the poets mood. They are used as objective correlatives to feelings or thoughts (Danby 84).Although many critics have found the Quartets in keeping with the poets concept of impersonality, Melaney (148), like Stevens, parts his way with the rest of the critics. He writes, His (Eliots) canonization as a literary icon has prevented his readers from considering his poetry as a record of personal change. He says that the subject matter of the Quartets is not wholly in accord with his critical canons. Here we find a great deal of his autobiographic account that makes the poem a personal life sketch. The account or subject matter may be personal, but it is the way of intromission that makes it personal or impersonal as defined by Eliot. Hence, if we look at the way things have been talked about in the Quartets, the impersonal tone is more obvious than the personal. Fussell (217) says, in the Quartets, on the other hand, he forges a more personal form by using only the first person, and yet he creates an illusion of the impersonal by splitting up the single personality into contrasting moods and by giving the speaker a p ublic as well as private voice. Thus, apart from the observations of a few critics, most of the poem seems in conformity with Eliots concept of impersonality. The intended abstract idea of time has been presented in such an objectified manner that the reader feels one with the feelings of the poet while going through the poem.ReferencesBellin, Roger. The Seduction of Argument and the jeopardy of Parody in the Four Quartets. http//alum.hampshire.edu/rb97/eliot.html 29-10-2005Bottum,J.WhatTSEliotAlmostBelieved. First Things, Vol. 55. (Aug. 1995). http//www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft9508/bottum.html 20-4-2006Brown, Dennis. Literature Theology, Vol. 17. No. 1, evidence 2003Craven, Peter. The Urbane Mysticism of Old Possum. Financial Review Oct. 01. 2001 http//afr.com/articles/2004/09/30/1096527854077.html 17-06-2005Dallas, Elizabeth S. rule Cancrizans and the Four Quartets. Comparative Literature, Vol. 17, No. 3. (Summer, 1965).Danby, J. F. Intervals During Rehearsals. Cambridge Ju l. 02, 1949.Esty, Jed. Four Quartets, National Allegory, and the End of Empire. The Yale diary of Criticism 16.1 (2003) 43Fussell, B. H. Structural Methods in Four Quartets. ELH, Vol. 22, No. 3. (Sep. 1955).Melaney, William D. T. S. Eliots Poetics of self Reopening Four Quartets. Alif Journal of Comparative Poetics, No. 22 (2002). Thes. PhD. (Abstract). Columbia University. 1980.Sexton, crowd together P. Four Quartets and the Christian Calendar. American Literature, Vol. 43, No. 2. (May, 1971).Rees,Thomas R. The Orchestration of Meaning in T.S. Eliots Four Quartets. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 28.1 (Autumn 1969) 63-69.Stevens. http//ieas.arts.unideb.hu/faculty/materials/usliterature.doc. 19-10-2005Thompson, E. (1963).T. S. Eliot the man and his work.Carbondale Southern University Press.Weitz, Morris. Modern American Poetry. http//www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/eliot/norton.htm 8-10-2005Weitz, Morris. Modern American Poetry. http//www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a _f/eliot/norton.htm 8-10-2005Vianu,Lidia. T.S.EliotTheFourQuartets.